API 4676 : 1998

ARSENIC: CHEMISTRY, FATE, TOXICITY, AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPTIONS

American Petroleum Institute

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Executive Summary
1. Introduction
     Background
     Scope of the Review
2. Environmental Sources and Uses of Arsenic
     Environmental Sources and Concentrations of Arsenic
       Air
       Drinking Water
       Surface Waters
       Effluents and Wastewaters
       Soils and Sediments
       Fossil Fuels
    Role of Arsenic in Manufacturing and Industry
       Production of Arsenic
       Wood Preservatives
       Agricultural Uses
       Glass Manufacturing
       Metal Alloys
       Semiconductor Industry
       Medical Uses
    References
3. Environmental Fate and Transport of Arsenic
    Physical and Chemical Properties of Arsenic
    Arsenic in Water
        Specification
        Fate and Transport
        Specification Modeling
     Arsenic in Sediment
     Arsenic in Soil
     Arsenic in the Atmosphere
     References
4. Sampling and Analysis of Arsenic
     Sample Collection
         Water
         Solids
         Tissue
         ''Clean'' Sampling
      Sample Preparation
      Methods of Analysis
          Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) - Gaseous Hydride
          Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) - Graphite Furnace
          Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
          Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry
          Colorimetric - Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate
          Other Methods
          Ultra-Low Detection Levels
      Specification
          Arsenic in Water
          Arsenic in Solids (Sediments, Soils, Tissues)
          Sample Storage
       References
5. Biomedical Toxicology of Arsenic
       Carcinogenicity
           Human Carcinogenicity
           Ingestion Exposure
           Controversies in Hazard Classification and Cancer Risk
           Assessment
           Inhalation Exposure
           Animal Studies
       Mutagenicity/Genotoxicity
       Systemic Toxicity
           Epidemiologic Data in Humans
           Experimental Studies in Animals
       Toxicokinetics
           Absorption
           Distribution
           Metabolism
           Elimination
           Toxicity of Arsenic from Fish and Seafood
       Toxicity Values and Regulatory Standards
           Current Cancer Slope Factors
           Noncancer Toxicity Factors
           Drinking Water Standard
       Summary and Conclusions
       References
6. Ecological Toxicology of Arsenic
       Toxicity to Terrestrial and Wetland Vegetation
            Specification and Bioavailability in Relation to
            Vegetation
            Accumulation and Translocation in Terrestrial and
            Wetland Plants
            Toxicity to Terrestrial and Wetlands Plants
            Arsenic Tolerance
        Toxicity to Terrestrial Wildlife
            Acute Toxicity
            Chronic Toxicity
            Bioaccumulation
        Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
            Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms
            Specification in Relation to Ecotoxicology
            Toxicity to Fish, Invertebrates, and Plants
            General Conclusions on the Aquatic Toxicity of Arsenic
            Factors Influencing the Toxicity of Arsenic
        References
7. Engineering Treatment Options for Arsenic
        Removal Technologies for Arsenic in Petroleum Refinery
        Industry Wastewaters
            Chemical Oxidation of As(III)
            Coprecipitation
            Ion Exchange
            Activated Alumina Adsorption
            Other Treatment Processes
         Sludge Management
         Summary and Conclusions
         References
8. Summary of Regulatory Criteria for Arsenic
         Water Quality Criteria and Drinking Water Standards
         Sediment Quality Criteria
         Air Quality and Occupational Exposure Standards
         Food and Drug Criteria
         Hazardous Waste Management
         Standards for Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge
         References
Figure
3-1. pE-pH Diagram for the As-H2O System at 25 degrees centigrade.
      (Total dissolved arsenic = 50 ug/L.)
3-2. pE-pH Diagram for the As-S-H2O System at 25 degrees centigrade.
      (Total dissolved arsenic = 50 ug/L; total dissolved S = 32 ug/L.)
7-1. Generalized Schematic Diagram for Chemical Oxidation of Arsenic
7-2. Generalized Process Flow Diagram for Arsenic Removal by Chemical
      Precipitation
7-3. Generalized Process Flow Diagram for Arsenic Removal by Ion
      Exchange

Abstract

Intended to serve as a reference volume on the sources, chemistry, fate, aquatic and terrestrial toxicity, and wastewater treatment options for arsenic.