API 4664 : 1998

Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Water quality criteria and standards
1.2 Mixing zones
1.3 Report organization
CHAPTER 2. REGULATORY BASIS
2.1 Water-quality-based NPDES permits
2.2 Federal mixing zone policy and guidance
2.2.1 Water quality standards regulation
2.2.2 Water quality guidance for the great lakes system
2.2.3 Water quality standards handbook
2.2.4 Technical support document for water-quality-based
       toxics control
2.2.5 EPA region VIII mixing zones and dilution policy
2.3 State mixing zone policy and guidance
2.3.1 State-specific information
2.4 Emerging issues
CHAPTER 3. MIXING ZONE PHYSICS AND OUTFALL DIFFUSER DESIGN
3.1 Mixing zone physics
3.1.1 Jets and plumes
3.1.2 Near field and far field mixing processes
3.1.3 Discharge buoyancy and ambient stratification
3.1.4 Lateral and vertical mixing
3.1 5 Current interactions
3.1.6 Tidal effects on mixing
3.2 Elements of diffuser design
3.2.1 Components of a typical diffuser
3.2.2 Diffuser hydraulics
3.2.3 Flow distribution
3.2.4 Configuration
3.2.5 Construction
3.3 Outfall design criteria
CHAPTER 4. MODEL SURVEY
4.1 Model characteristics
4.1.1 Stages of mixing
4.1.2 Spatial dimensions
4.1.3 Temporal resolution
4.1.4 Deterministic vs. probabilistic models
4.1.5 Model complexity
4.2 Available models
4.2.1 Desktop calculations
4.2.2 DYNTOX
4.2.3 CORMIX
4.2.4 UM-PLUMES
4.2.5 RSB
4.2.6 UDKHDEN
4.2.7 PDS
4.2.8 PDSM
4.3 Model applicability
4.3.1 Shallow river (acute toxicity)
4.3.2 Shallow river (chronic toxicity)
4.3.3 Deep river (acute and chronic toxicity)
4.3.4 Tidal estuaries
4.3.5 Open water
4.4 Example applications
4.4.1 Potomac river chronic ammonia mixing zone
4.4.2 Gunston cove acute toxicity
4.4.3 Gulf of mexico produced water
CHAPTER 5. MODEL AVAILABILITY
5.1 Model sources
5.1.1 Desktop calculations
5.1.2 DYNTOX
5.1.3 CORMIX
5.1.4 UM-PLUMES/RSB
5.1.5 UDKHDEN
5.1.6 PDS
5.1.7 PDSM
5.2 Model access
5.3 Model support
CHAPTER 6. MODEL USE STRATEGY
6.1 Model data requirements
6.1.1 Discharge characteristics
6.1.2 Ambient conditions
6.2 Model calibration requirements
6.2.1 Justification of model selection and inputs
6.2.2 Sensitivity of model
6.2.3 Calibration of model simulation results to field data
6.2.4 Verification of model results with additional field
       data sets
6.3 Model projection requirements
6.3.1 Use of environmental design conditions for model
       projections
6.3.2 Selection of design condition inputs
CHAPTER 7. DYE STUDIES AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES
7.1 Dye study rationale
7.2 Field study execution
7.2.1 Tracer selection
7.2.2 Field measurement using dyes
7.2.3 Other types of tracer studies
7.2.4 Field testing costs
7.3 Example applications
7.3.1 Dye tracer studies and initial dilution modeling for
       a petroleum refinery
7.3.2 Municipal discharge plume tracing using conductivity
CHAPTER 8. REFERENCES
APPENDIX A SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS OF MIXING ZONE MODELS
APPENDIX B OBTAINING MODELS FROM EPA CENTER FOR EXPOSURE
             ASSESSMENT MODELING (CEAM)
APPENDIX C SAMPLE MIXING ZONE MODEL OUTPUT

Abstract

Gives an overview of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) policies and technical guidance on the role of mixing zones in the NPDES permitting process; provides state mixing zone regulations, policies and guidance; presents important concepts relating to the hydrodynamics of effluent dilution in receiving waters and the design of outfall diffusers; reviews available mixing zone models; discusses strategic issues for dischargers to consider when applying models and gives a detailed account of the use of dye tracer studies as alternatives or supplements to mixing zone models.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	American Petroleum Institute
Pages
ISBN