API 4675 : 1999

FATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS

American Petroleum Institute

More details

More info

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE REVIEW
- OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE REVIEW
DESCRIPTION OF FRESHWATER HABITATS
- WATER ENVIRONMENTS
      - Open Water
      - Large Rivers
      - Small Lakes and Ponds
      - Small Rivers and Streams
- SHORELINE HABITATS
      - Bedrock
      - Manmade Structures
      - Mixed Sand and Gravel
      - Gravel
      - Vegetated Shorelines
      - Mud
      - Wetlands
CHARACTERISTICS OF OILS AND BEHAVIOUR IN FRESHWATER
- CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
      - Components of Oils
      - Classification of Oils
      - Characteristics of Oils
- PROCESSES AFFECTING OIL IN FRESHWATER
      - Spreading and Drift
      - Emulsion and Dispersion
      - Evaporation
      - Dissolution
      - Sorption, Sedimentation, and Sinking
      - Photodegradation
      - Biodegradation
- SUMMARY
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPILLED OIL IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS
- TOXICITY OF OIL CONSTITUENTS
- COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF OIL WATER SOLUBLE
FRACTIONS AND DISPERSIONS
      - Dissolved vs. Dispersed Oil
      - Oil Toxicity Testing Methods
      - Relative Toxicity of Oils
- EFFFRESHWATER ORGANISMS
      - Bacteria and Other Microbes
      - Algae
      - Macrophytes
      - Invertebrates
      - Fish
      - Amphibians and Reptiles
      - Birds and Mammals
- SUMMARY
SUMMARY AND RESEARCH NEEDS
      - Water Soluble Fraction Testing and Method
            Standardization
      - Weathered Oils
      - Oil in Sediments
      - Vegetation Sensitivity to Oiling and Cutting
            Resiliency
      - Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - OIL SPILL RESPONSE OPTIONS, LESSONS FROM PAST
             PRACTICES
Table 2-1 - Freshwater environments and shoreline habitats
            correlated with the environmental sensitivity
            index (ESI) shoreline rankings for the Great
            Lakes
Table 3-1 - Concentrations of aromatics in two crude oils,
            No. 2 fuel oil, and Bunker C residual oil
Table 3-2 - Concentrations of metals in crude oils
Table 3-3 - Classification of crude oils
Table 3-4 - Physical properties of oils
Table 3-5 - Vapor pressures and Henry's law constants (H) of
            oil constituents
Table 3-6 - Changes in properties of three oils due to
            evaporation
Table 3-7 - Solubility and octanol-water partition
            coefficients (Kow) of oil constituents
Table 3-8 - Solubility of crude oils as a function of
            specific gravity (API degree), temperature, and
            salinity (distilled water vs. seawater)
Table 3-9 - Solubility of oils in freshwater
Table 3-10 - Concentrations of oil constituents in the
             water-soluble fractions of four oils
Table 4-1 - Acute toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to
            Daphnia magna (zooplankton)
Table 4-2 - Acute toxicity of five aromatic compounds to
            Daphnia pulex (zooplankton)
Table 4-3 - Acute toxicity of six petroleum constituents to
            aquatic organisms
Table 4-4 - Acute toxicity of petroleum constituents of
            Pseudomonas putida (bacteria), Scenedesmus
            guadricauda (algae) and Entosiphon sulcatum
            (protozoa)
Table 4-5 - Acute toxicity of photooxidation products to
            Dunaliella bioculata (green algae)
Table 4-6 - Acute toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons to
            freshwater organisms
Table 4-7 - Bioaccumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons by
            Daphnia pulex (zooplankton)
Table 4-8 - Acute toxicity of water soluble fractions of
            four oils to rainbow trout
Table 4-9 - Composition of crude oil water soluble fractions
            and toxicity to Daphnia pulex (zooplankton)
Table 4-10 - Summary of effects of oil spills on fish
Table A.1 - Case histories of spill responses
Figure 4-1 - Ranges of acute toxicity of petroleum
             hydrocarbons to freshwater organisms

Abstract

Summarizes environmental effects from inland oil spills into fresh surface waters. Identifies, describes and compares the behaviour, fate, and ecological implications of crude oil and petroleum in inland waters. Provides information for spill response strategies.