A REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES TO MEASURE THE OIL AND GREASE CONTENT OF PRODUCED WATER FROM OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
American Petroleum Institute
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PHASE I - COMPARISON OF EPA METHODS 413.1 AND 1664
3 PHASE II - SURVEY OF CANDIDATE METHODS
4 PHASE III - LABORATORY PERFORMANCE TESTING
- Laboratory Performance Testing
- Instrument Calibration
- Working Range
- Precision
- Effect of Water Soluble Organics
- Effect of Iron on Direct Reading UV Analyses
5 CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX A - A COMPARISON OF EPA METHOD 413.1 AND EPA METHOD
1664 FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OIL AND GREASE IN
PRODUCED WATER FROM OFFSHORE PRODUCTION
OPERATIONS
APPENDIX B - A REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES TO MEASURE THE OIL AND
GREASE CONTENT OF PRODUCED WATER FROM OFFSHORE
OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION OPERATIONS
Figure 4-1 - Measured vs. Defined Concentration: UV
Instrument B, Calibrated with Crude #2 Simulated
Produced Water, Measuring Oil and Grease in
Crude #1 and Crude #2 Simulated Produced Water
Figure 4-2 - UV Instrument A Calibrated with Crude #4
Simulated Extracts: Measured Oil and Grease
Concentrations in Crude #3 and #4 Simulated
Extracts
Figure 4-3 - Crude #1 Concentration vs. RFUs
Figure 4-4 - Average Measured Oil and Grease Concentration
from Simulated Extracts, Determined by IR-ABS,
vs. Defined Concentration
Figure 4-5 - Comparison of IR-HATR and IR-ABS Oil and Grease
Concentrations Measured in Simulated Produced
Water Samples Containing Crude #2
Figure 4-6 - Concentration Ration vs. Ferric Ion Concentration
Table 2-1 - Produced Water Oil and Grease Data from Five
Offshore Platforms (mg/L)
Table 2-2 - Summary Statistics for the Phase I Produced Water
Data
Table 3-1 - Analytical Instruments for Oil and Grease
Measurement
Table 4-1 - UV Analysis of Simulated Produced Water Samples
Using Instruments Calibration with Crude #2
Simulated Produced Water
Table 4-2 - Oil and Grease in Produced Water Samples from
Platforms SPW and CPW
Table 4-3 - Averages and Standard Deviations for Replicate
Samples
Table 4-4 - Oil and Grease Concentrations Determined by UV
Instrument A Calibrated with Crude #4 Simulated
Extracts
Table 4-5 - Correlation of Fluorescence Units and Crude #1
Concentrations with Dye Concentrations Used to
Calibrate Instruments A
Table 4-6 - Analyses of a Natural Produced Water Using
Instrument A With a Dye Calibration and Various
Analytical Factors
Table 4-7 - Goodness of Fit for Fluorescence Analyses of a
Natural Water
Table 4-8 - Comparison of Fluorescence Analyses on a Natural
Water Sample Analyzed Directly and by Extraction
Table 4-9 - Comparison of EPA Method 1664 Results to UV
Fluorescence Results on Defined Concentrations of
Crude Oil in Hexane
Table 4-10 - Oil and Grease Concentrations Determined by
IR-ABS, Calibrated with Crude #1 in Hexane
Table 4-11 - Comparison of UV Instrument A vs. IR-HATR in the
Analyses of Oil and Grease in Actual Produced
Water Samples
Table 4-12 - Comparison of IR-HATR and IR-ABS Methods in
Analyzing Oil and Grease in Simulated Produced
Water Samples Containing Crude #2
Table 4-13 - Precision Study of UV Instrument A
Table 4-14 - Precision Study of IR-ABS and IR-HATR
Table 4-15 - Sample Matrix for WSO Studies
Table 4-16 - Effect of Ferric Ion on Direct Reading UV
Determination by Instrument A, Recorded as Raw
Fluorescent Units
Table 4-17 - Effect of Ferric Ion on Direct Reading UV
Determination by Instrument A, Recorded as Oil
and Grease Concentration
Table 4-18 - Effect of Ferric Ion on UV Instrument A
Determinations of Oil and Grease in Simulated
Produced Water Samples
Table 4-19 - Ratio of Measured to Defined Oil and Grease
Concentration at Various Ferric Ion
Concentrations
Addresses three practical alternative methods for routine offshore monitoring of oil and grease in produced waters: 1) an infrared absorption method in which reflected infrared radiation is measured and correlated to the oil and grease content; 2) an infrared absorption method in which transmitted infrared radiation is measured and correlated to the oil and grease content; and 3) an ultraviolet fluorescence (UV) method in which the fluorescent radiation from the sample or sample extracts is measured at a specific wavelength and correlated to the oil and grease content.
| Document Type | Standard |
| Status | Current |
| Publisher | American Petroleum Institute |
