API 4666 : 1999

THE TOXICITY OF COMMON IONS TO FRESHWATER AND MARINE ORGANISMS

American Petroleum Institute

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SECTION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
       Scope of Review
       Total Dissolved Solids in Wet Tests
       USEPA Regions 9 and 10
       Colorado
       Florida
       Texas
2 IONIC COMPOSITION OF WATER
       Salinity
       Ions in Freshwater
       Ions in Saltwater
3 ION IMBALANCE IN EFFLUENTS
       Sources and Characteristics of High TDS Waters
       Produced Water
       Reverse Osmosis Membrane (Desalination Water)
       Hydrostatic Water
       Agricultural Irrigation Drainwater
       Mining/Metals Industry
       Other Water
    METHODS OF IDENTIFYING ION TOXICITY
       Identifying Ion-Specific TDS Toxicity
       Samples Containing both TDS and Non-TDS Sources of Toxicity
4 TOXICITY OF MAJOR IONS TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS
       Salinity Tolerance
       Ion Interactions
       Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Ions
5 PHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR IONS IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS
    GENERAL OSMO- AND IONOREGULATION IN AQUATIC ANIMALS
       Invertebrates
       Fish
       FLUIDS
       Intracellular Fluid
       Extracellular Fluid
    ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
       Gills
       Excretory Organs
    ROLES OF THE COMMON IONS IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS
       Bicarbonate
       Calcium
       Chloride
       Magnesium
       Potassium
       Sodium
    ION REGULATION MECHANISMS
    SUMMARY
6 SUMMARY
    REFERENCES
    APPENDIX A - Glossary of Terms
    APPENDIX B - Bibliography
TABLES
1-1 State and Regional Contacts Regarding TDS Toxicity Questions
2-1 Major Dissolved Ion Concentrations in Selected Rivers of the World
2-2 Average Concentrations of the Major Ions in Seawater
3-1 Results of Acute Phase 1 Toxicity Characterization of an Industrial
      Effluent using D. magna Where TDS Toxicity is Suspected
3-2 Results of Chronic Phase 1 Toxicity Characterization of an
      Industrial Effluent Using C. dubia Where TDS Toxicity is Suspected
3-3 Results of a Confirmation Study for Bicarbonate Toxicity in a
      Produced Water Effluent
3-4 Results of Phase 1 Toxicity Characterization of a Produced Water
      Sample Using C. dubia
4-1 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Bicarbonate
4-2 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Borate
4-3 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Bromide
4-4 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Calcium
4-5 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Chloride
4-6 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Fluoride
4-7 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Magnesium
4-8 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Potassium
4-9 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Strontium
4-10 Results of Selected Toxicity Studies with Sulfate
5-1 Inorganic Ion Requirements for Rainbow Trout as a Percent of Diet
5-2 Physiological Functions of Some Ions and Consequences of Abnormal
      Environmental Levels
FIGURES
3-1 Framework for Isolating Ion Toxicity in a Toxic Sample
3-2 Observed Chronic Toxicity to C. dubia in Effluent and Mock Effluent
4-1 Acute and Chronic Test Results for D. magna
4-2 Acute and Chronic Test Results for C. dubia
4-3 Acute and Chronic Test Results for P. promelas
4-4 Acute and Chronic Test Results for M. bahia
4-5 Acute and Chronic Test Results for C. variegatus
4-6 Acute and Chronic Test Results for M. beryllina
4-7 48-Hour LC50s of Three Species Exposed to Different Salts
5-1 Inflow and Outflow of Water and Salts in Freshwater (A) and
      Marine (B) Teleosts
5-2 The Mg2+ - Dependent Sodium Pump
5-3 Hypothetical Donnan Distribution of Ions Maintained by the Sodium
      Pump in Animal Cells
5-4 Generalized Body Plans of Metazoans
5-5 Teleost Mesonephron

Abstract

Covers the laboratory data regarding the effects of common cat ions and anions on both freshwater and marine organisms. The major cations are; potassium, magnesium, strontium and sodium. The major anoins are; borate, bicarbonate, fluoride, bromide, chloride and sulfate. Give a general summary of the results of the toxicity studies on ions and explores the physiological effects of the ions on a tissue and cellular basis.