API 4677 : 1999

FUGITIVE EMISSIONS FROM REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS, VOLUME 1 - FUGITIVE EMISSION FACTORS FOR REFINERY PROCESS DRAINS

American Petroleum Institute

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Executive Summary
1 Introduction
2 Pilot Scale Determination of Drain Bagging Protocol
    Experimental Procedure
    Analyte Selection and Characteristics
    Apparatus
    No Bag
    Vacuum Method
    Blow-Through Method
    Dosing Procedure
    Wastewater Sampling and Analysis
    OVA Calibration
    Experimental Schedule
    Results
    Sample Results for Each Experiment - Analysis of
    Duplicate Submissions
    Percentage Emissions
    Mass Emissions
    Organic Vapor Analyzer Results
    OVA Concentrations
    Mass Emissions
    Statistical Analysis of Results
    Discussion of Results
3 Pilot Scale Determination of Stripping Efficiencies
    Experimental Procedure
    Analyte Selection and Characteristics
    Experimental Apparatus
    Emission Factor Drain Structure
    Emission Factor Drain Structure - No Bag
    Emission Factor Drain Structure - Vacuum Method
    Aligned Drain Structure
    University of Texas Drain Structure
    Dosing Procedure
    Sample Analysis
    OVA Calibration
    Experimental Plan and Methodology
    Drain Emission Factor Study
    Aligned Drain Emissions
    Duplication of University of Texas Experiments
    Experimental Schedule
    Results
    Duplicate Sample Analysis
    Discharge Column of Water Description
    Drain Emission Factors Experiments (misaligned drain)
    Calculation of Experimental Percentage Emissions
    Emission Factor Tables
    Organic Vapor Analyzer Results
    Aligned Drain Structure
    Duplication of University of Texas Experiments
    Discussion of Results
    Simplified Emission Factor Tables
    Using the Simplified Emission Factor Tables
    Example Use of the Emission Factor Tables
    User Input Data
    User Input: Look-up Tables Mass Emissions
    Calculations
4 Conclusions and Recommendations
5 References
Appendix A - Analytical Data From Drain Bagging Protocol
             Experiments
Appendix B - QA/QC - Duplicate Sample Submission From Drain
             Bagging Protocol Experiments
Appendix C - Analytical Data From Stripping Efficiency
             Experiments
Appendix D - Emission Factors (Misaligned Drain) for Individual
             Contaminants From Stripping Efficiency Experiments
Appendix E - Degree of Saturation in Gas Phase During Bagged
             Experiments From Stripping Efficiency Experiments
Appendix F - Mass Emission Calculations Based on OVA Readings
Tables
2.1 Henry's Law Coefficients for Test Compounds
2.2 Experimental Schedule
2.3 Summary of Drain Emissions (%) - No Bag
2.4 Summary of Drain Emissions (%) - Vacuum
2.5 Summary of Drain Emissions (%) - Blow-Through
2.6 Comparison of Blow-Through Bag Results for Phase 1
     (API, 1996) and Phase 2 (Current Work)
2.7 Summary of Drain Emissions (micro g/min) - No Bag
2.8 Summary of Drain Emissions (micro g/min) - Vacuum
2.9 Summary of Drain Emissions (micro g/min) - Blow-Through
2.10 Observed OVA Readings
2.11 Total Drain Emissions Based on OVA Measurements -
     Vacuum
2.12 Comparing Vacuum and Blow-Through Methods
2.13 Comparing Combined Vacuum and Blow-Through Methods To
     No Bag Method
3.1 Henry's Law Coefficients for Test Compounds
3.2 Drain Emission Factor Experimental Plan
3.3 Drain Emission Factor Experimental Process Variation
3.4 Inactive Drain Sampling Schedule
3.5 University of Texas Replication Experiments - Process
     Conditions
3.6 Experimental Schedule
3.7 Inactive Drain Liquid Temperature
3.8 Emission Factors: 1.23 <= Hc <= 7.17
3.9 Emission Factors: 0.32 <= Hc < 1.23
3.10 Emission Factors: 0.13 <= Hc < 0.32
3.11 Emission Factors: 0.02 <= Hc < 0.13
3.12 Organic Vapor Analyzer Results
3.13 Drain Emissions Based OVA Measurements - Bagged
     Experiments
3.14 Aligned Drain Percentage Emissions
3.15 University of Texas Experiments - Percentage Emissions
3.16 Study Emissions and University of Texas Model Emissions
3.17 Simplified Emission Factor Table Summary of Drain
     Operating Conditions
3.18 High Volatility Compounds (1.23 <= Hc <= 7.17)
3.19 Medium Volatility Compounds (0.13 <= Hc < 0.32)
3.20 Low Volatility Compounds (<= 0.02 Hc < 0.13)
3.21 Simplified Emissions Factor Table - High Volatility
3.22 Simplified Emissions Factor Table - Medium Volatility
3.23 Simplified Emissions Factor Table - Low Volatility
4.1 Conservative Use of Emission Factor Tables
Figures
2.1 Schematic of Pilot Drain Structure
2.2 Vacuum Bag Apparatus
2.3 Pressure Bag Apparatus
3.1 Drain Emission Factor Drain Structure
3.2 Drain Emission Factor Hub Structure
3.3 Drain Emission Structure - Vacuum Bag
3.4 Aligned Drain Discharge
3.5 Replication of University of Texas Drain Structure
3.6 Mass Emissions as a Function of OVA Reading

Abstract

Volume one of a three-part study to initiate the scrutinization of emissions from refinery process drains, regarding volatile organic compounds (VOC) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Contains simplified factors that can be used quickly to estimate total volatile emissions. See also Publs 4639, 4678, and 4681