API 4261 : 2001

ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS: A TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THEIR APPLICATION AS FUELS AND FUEL COMPONENTS

American Petroleum Institute

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Chapter 1 - Introduction and Scope
Chapter 2 - Chemical and Physical Properties of
            Alcohols and Ethers
  General
  Heating Value
  Octane Performance
  Solubility
  Volume Change of Mixtures of Alcohols and Gasoline
  Water Sensitivity and Tolerance
  Oxygenate Effects on Volatility
Chapter 3 - Oxygenates Production Technology, Capacity
            and Costs
  Methanol
  Ethanol
  Other Alcohols
    Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)
    Butyl Alcohols
      Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA)
      Other Butyl Alcohols
  Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)
  Other Ethers
    Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME)
    Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE)
    Isopropyl Ether (IPE)
Chapter 4 - Alcohols and Ethers Blended with Gasoline
  Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends: Attractions and Concerns
  Clean Air Act Requirements
  Vehicle Technology and Fuel Interactions
    Vehicle Technology Mix and Enleanment Effects of
      Blends
    Overview of Volatility and Vehicle Response
    Perception of Vehicle Performance
      Driveability: Low Temperature Starting
      Driveability: Moderate Temperatures
      Hot Weather Driveability and Vapor Lock
      Full Power and Hill Climbing
      Antiknock Performance
      Fuel Economy
    Emissions Effects
      Evaporative Emissions
      Exhaust Emissions
    Vehicle Reliability Aspects
      Fuel Filter Plugging
      Blend Effects on Fuel System Plastics,
        Elastometers and Metals
Chapter 5 - Neat and Near-neat Alcohols for Fueling
            Automotive Vehicles
  Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines
    Effective Engine Utilization of Neat Alcohols
    Driveability with Neat or Near-neat Alcohols
    The Incentives for Near-neat Alcohol Fuel
    Flexible-Fuel Vehicles that can operate on Alcohol
      and Gasoline
    Evaporative and Exhaust Emissions
    Materials Compatibility
    Engine Wear
  Alcohol Fuels for Compression-Ignition Engines
Chapter 6 - Alcohols and Ethers in Nonautomotive Fuel
            Uses
  Marine Applications
    Phase Separation
    Corrosion/Elastomers Deterioration
    Fuel Volatility
    Octane Quality
  Piston Engine Aircraft
  Motorcycles
  Snowmobiles
  Lawn Mowers and Small Tractors
  Chain Saws
  Snow Blowers
  Stationary Power Sources
Chapter 7 - Distribution and Storage of Alcohols,
            Gasoline-Alcohol Blends and Gasoline-Ether
            Blends - Transportation, Marketing, Safety
            and Fire Protection, and Measurement
  Current Gasoline Distribution System
  Distribution and Storage of Gasoline-Alcohol Blends -
    Refinery, Pipelines, Terminals and Service Stations
      Transportation Systems
      Marketing Terminals and Bulk Plants
      Retail Facilities - Service Stations
      Safety and Fire Protection
      Measurement/Inventory Accounting System
  Distribution and Storage of Neat or Near-neat Alcohols
    Refinery, Pipelines, Terminals and Service Stations
      Transportation Systems
      Marketing Terminals
      Retail Facilities - Service Stations
      Safety and Fire Protection
Chapter 8 - Groundwater and Toxicity Effects
  Groundwater Effects
  Toxicity Effects - Neat Alcohols and Ethers
    Methanol
    Ethanol
    Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)
    Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA)
    Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)
      MTBE Health Effects Testing Task Force
Appendix A - Glossary
Appendix B - Properties of Oxygenates, Gasoline and
             No.2 Diesel Fuel
References
Tables
1. Some Properties of Oxygenates, Gasoline and No.2
    Diesel Fuel
2. Combustion of Alcohols,Ethers & Hydrocarbons in Air
3. Octane Boost for Selected Oxygenates
4. Solubility of Methanol in Gasoline
5. B.Beyaert Estimates: Costs of Methanol from new
    plants delivered to the U.S. West Coast, 292 million
    gallons per year capacity
6. T.O.Wagner and D.F.Tatterson Estimates: Costs of
    Methanol from new plants delivered to U.S. Gulf
    Coast, 300 million gallons per year capacity
7. Energy Balance for Production of Methanol
8. Costs of Ethanol Production
9. Energy Balance for Production of Ethanol
10. Costs of MTBE Production
11. Some Oxygenated Compounds Approved by EPA for use in
    Unleaded Gasoline
12. Heating Value of Some Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends
13. Summary - Driveability Tests - Moderate Temperatures
14. Summary - Driveability Tests - High Temperatures
15. Comparison of the Swell of Various Elastomers in
    Methanol, Ethanol and MTBE Mixtures with Gasoline
16. Formaldehyde Emissions
17. Comparison of Emissions from Methanol-Diesels to
    Emissions from Diesels
18. Comparison of Properties Relating to Fire Hazards
    for Alcohols and Gasoline
B-1. Properties of Oxygenates, Gasoline and No.2
      Diesel Fuel
Figures
1. Molecular Structures of Water, Methanol, Ethanol,
    MTBE and Gasoline
2. Vehicle Fuel Consumption for Oxygenates Expressed
    Relative to that for Gasoline
3. Vehicle Energy Consumption for Oxygenates Expressed
    Relative to that for Gasoline
4. Volume Increase for Gasoline-Alcohol Blends
5. Gasoline-Alcohol Blend Phase Separation
6. Water Tolerance of Gasoline-Alcohol Blends
7. Effect of Cosolvent and Aromatics Content on Phase
    Separation of Blends with 10 Volume Percent Methanol
8. Effect of Oxygenates on Distillation
9. Effect of Oxygenate Concentration on Blend Vapor
    Pressure
10. Effect of Base Gasoline RVP on RVP Boost Due to
    Alcohol Addition
11. Effect of Commingling a Gasoline and a Gasoline-
    Oxygenate Blend of the same RVP
12. Calculated Versus Measured Temperature for a Vapor
    to Liquid Ratio of 20 (T V/L = 20)
13. Effect of Alcohols and Butane on Measured Vapor to
    Liquid Ratio
14. Methanol Production Process - simplified diagram
15. Ethanol Production Process - simplified diagram
16. Relationship between Volume Percent Oxygenate and
    Weight Percent Oxygen in 0.737 Specific Gravity
    Gasoline
17. Technology Mix - Passenger Car Emissions Control
    Technology Distribution
18. Effect of Fuel-Air Mixture Strength on Power and
    Fuel Economy
19. Effect of Fuel-Air Mixture Strength on Exhaust
    Emissions
20. Fleet Test Driveability Results
21. Results of Customer Driveability Survey
22. Effect of Fuel-Air Mixture Strength on Driveability
    at Moderate Temperatures
23. Injected Fuel Spray Pattern at High Fuel Temperature
24. Effects of Oxygenates on Road Octane Performance
25. Effect of Methanol Concentration on Laboratory and
    Road Octane Numbers
26. Effect of Engine Speed on Road Octane Number
27. Fuel-paired Gasohol Fuel Economy Effect versus
    Vehicle Model Year
28. Vapor Generation with Closely-Matched Volatility
    Hydrocarbon and Oxygenated Fuels
29. Effect of Oxygenates on FTP Tailpipe Emissions
30. Fuel Filter Elements
31. General Motors Methanol Vehicle Modifications
32. Simulated Cold Starting Minimum Temperatures Based
    on Laboratory Bench Tests
33. Ford Flexible Fuel Vehicle
34. Comparison of Stationary Combustion NOx Emissions
35. Typical Gasoline Distribution System
36. Vapor Space Flammability Limits Over Liquid Fuels

Abstract

Gives information producing and applying alcohols and ethers as fuels and fuel components. Alcohols and ethers considered include methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, methyl tertiary butyl ether and tertiary amyl methyl ether as fuel components; methanol (both neat and mixed with hydrocarbons) and ethanol as transportation fuels; and methanol in stationary power sources.